AUSTRALIAN HISTORY: COLONISATION (1788-1900)

The first European to discover Australia was thought to have been Willem Jansz, a Dutchman who sailed along part of the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1606 and landed on Australian soil. James Cook, an Englishman, was the first European to sail along the eastern coast of Australia in 1770. However some historians have found evidence that seems to show that sailors from Portugal sailed along parts of the Australian coast many years before either Willem Jansz or James Cook.

Spanish Explorers.- In the early 17th century one Spanish captain came very close to landing in Australia. Around this time Spain had established colonies in parts of South America and in 1605 a small fleet of three Spanish shies under the command of Pedro Fernandez de Quiros set out from the port of Callao in Peru specifically in search of the unknown south land.

Portuguese Explorers For many years the first Europeanto reach Australia was the Dutchman, Willem Jansz. However there is some evidence that in fact the Portugese may have been known about Australia before anyone else.

Dutch Explorers.- By early 1600s Portugal was losing power in South-East Asia. Holland on the other hand was becoming more powerful and controlled the Dutch East Indies, now called Indonesia.

English Explorers- William Dampier was a pirate who became a sailor when he was a teenager. His boat the Cygnet, traveled the Pacific Ocean, robbing the ships of other countries.

Endeavour Explorations - The Endeavour expedition left Plymouth, England in 1768 with ninety-four men on board. For eight months it sailed, stopping at the Madeira Islands, Rio de Janeiro and Tierra de Fuego for repairs, food and water.

First Fleet Ships.- There were eleven ships in the First Fleet. They were all small ships that included two naval ships, six convict ships and three storeships for supplies.

Second Fleet Ships.- The Lady Juliana was the first ship of the Second Fleet to arrive tat Sydney Cove. By the end of June 1790, four more ships had arrived.

ct ship that had specially built prisoners quarters below the decks. Around 1500 men, women and children sailed in the First Fleet that left on 12 May 1787. Among them weremarines and a handful of other officers who were to administer the colony, and 772 convicts (of whom 732 survived the voyage) who were petty thieves from the London slums.

w colony, and not knowing what would be there. There were eleven ships in the First Fleet with six of them being convi

On August 1786, (sixteen years after Cook had first landed on Australia's east coast) the British government decided to start a convict settlement in New South Wales. This also allowed England to claim Australia and stop France or Spain from taking it. Arthur Phillip was chosen to organise and lead the First Fleet of convicts to Botany Bay. It would have been a difficult task to organise the fleetfor the eigth month voyage to start an entirely ne

Culture of Japan

The culture of Japan is the result of a historical process that begins with the immigration from the continent of Asia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean, followed by a strong cultural influence of China and, later, a long period of isolation with the rest of the world until the end of century XIX, where it receives an immense foreign influence and that is increased after the end of World War II. This gave as is result a culture different from other Asian cultures.

In Japan, the personal interrelations are very influenced by the ideas of honor, obligation and respect; this represents a custom that is different from the individualistic and liberal culture from the western countries.

Traditional Clothing
In Japan two types of clothes can be found: traditional and the modern one.

In traditional clothes the kimono stands out, this is a long showy article used by women, men and children in special times. Also the sleeves of the kimono differentiate from the married women to the single women.

Other articles used by the Japanese are: yukata, which is a kimono light of summer; hakama, a ceremonial article; jinbei, pledges masculine light used like pajamas; and jūnihitoe, a feminine article similar to a kimono and used by the noble.

With respect to Japanese modern clothes, some tendencies like ganguro exist, that, is a feminine fashion characterized to use clothes of designers, to have the bronzed skin and the use of many accessories.
Another modern fashion in Japan is the Lolita fashion that are inspired by the infantile Victorian fashion derivations of the subcultures gothic, punk, etc.

Another modern fashionable form that began in Japan is cosplay, which consists of disguising itself of some personage who appears in some Japanese mass media: like animates, musical sleeve, videogames, videos, etc.

Mass media
In Japan there are around 100 million equipment of television in use, and it is considered as the main form of entertainment and information of the population. The programming of television, enough is varied, mainly with soap operas, the news, games, animates, sports, etc. There are six national networks of television. As far as the radio, the main chains are the NHK, the Japan Radio Network and the National Radio Network. Five important newspapers at national level exist. In addition, there are newspapers in English like the Japan Times.

Cuisine
The Japanese cuisine owns a cooking past length that has been developed in a specialized gastronomy for each station. The foods are based on five rich carbohydrate foods: rice, wheat, oats, kidney bean and millet. The plates generally are salty. A standard Japanese food always consists of a cup of Japanese rice and support a cup of soup and a variety of plates like fish, meat, vegetables, etc.
In recent years, Japanese food has become fashionable and popular in the U.S., Europe and many other areas.

ReligionOne of the practiced religions more in Japan is the Shinto that is simultaneously the native religion of Japan and that is exclusive of that country, it was the unique religion that existed before the arrival from the buddhism to Japan and marked Japanese mythology remarkably. The Japanese buddhism is the religion practiced mainly in Japan, arrived at the country of Korea. The Christianity is introduced to Japan in 1549. A century practically finished later, surviving only in the area isolated around Nakasaki. At the moment this religion has 1.4 million faithfuls, who include a high percentage of important people in the education and subjects public.

Sports

Kodokan Judo
Judo is a fun sport, an art, a discipline, a recreational or social activity, a fitness program, a means of self-defense or combat, and a way of life. It is all of these and more. Judo comes from the fighting system of feudal Japan. Judo was introduced into the Olympic Games in 1964 and is practiced by millions of people throughout the world today. People practice Judo to excel in competition, to stay in shape, to develop self-confidence, and for many other reasons. But most of all, people do Judo just for the fun of it.